Dec 18, 2017 scaphoid fractures can lead to nonunion and avascular necrosis due to interruption of the blood supply. This unusual retrograde nature of blood supply renders proximal. Scaphoid fracture open reduction and internal fixation patient postoperative instructions laith alshihabi, md 02 weeks pain medication. Certain intraosseous vascularity configurations are associated with higher avn rates secondary to trauma. Chief of orthopaedicsurgery brigham and womens faulkner hospital vicechair of clinical operations brigham and womens hospital frontiers in upper extremity surgery tampa, florida november 4, 2017 scaphoidwaistfracturesdorsalapproach heard all about the volar approach. A good blood supply of the scaphoid bone from palmar, dorsal and radial vessel groups with a variety of anastomoses was found which should provide sufficient collateral blood flow from adjacent regions in some patients. It is the most common carpal bone to be fractured, second only to distal radius fractures in wrist injuries and hence diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures holds a great relevance. In case of a proximal scaphoid fracture, the blood. Scaphoid fractures that do not heal are referred to as a.
Ebraheims educational animated video describes fractures types and blood supply of the scaphoid carpal bone in the hand. Scaphoid definition in the cambridge english dictionary. Osteonecrosis of the elbow joint is an often missed diagnosis. The scaphoid can be slow to heal because of the limited circulation to the bone.
Because the scaphoid has a blood supply which comes from only one side it is prone to not healing. Scaphoid fracture is the most common type of bone fracture in the carpus ie, wrist. It receives its blood supply primarily from lateral and distal branches of the radial artery. However modern, highresolution imaging technologies allowed them to better characterize the vessels that supply blood to the scaphoid. An organized and thoughtful approach to diagnosis and treatment can facilitate good outcomes. Normal scaphoid anatomy slide 1 and blood supply slide 2. Volar branch enters the scaphoid tubercle and supplies its distal 20% to 30%2. Imaging and treatment of scaphoid fractures and their. An animated description of the blood supply to the scaphoid and its impact on fracture healing. To avoid missing this diagnosis, a high index of suspicion and a thorough history and. Mar 19, 2015 an animated description of the blood supply to the scaphoid and its impact on fracture healing.
The proximal pole of the scaphoid relies entirely on intramedullary blood flow. The dorsal branch of the radial artery, which supplies 80% of the blood, enters in the distal pole and travels in a retrograde fashion towards the proximal pole. Previously it was called the navicular bone derived from the latin word navis which means boat of the hand. More than 80% of the scaphoid surface is covered with articular cartilage. Fixation techniques have involved nonvascularised bone grafting. The palmar blood supply accounts for 20% to 30% of the total blood supply, mostly in the distal pole. There is a prominent bony bulge on the back surface of the lateral side of the distal pole, known as the scaphoid tubercle 3 the scaphoid articulates with four of the wrist bones the lunate, capitate. Fortunately, it is relatively difficult to break, but is the most commonly fractured bone in the carpus, particularly because of its unique anatomy and position within the wrist. Symptoms generally includes pain at the base of the thumb which is worse with use of the hand. Request pdf the blood supply of the scaphoid bone scaphoid vascularisation was investigated using macroscopic and microscopic techniques in 12. The scaphoid is vitally important for the proper mechanics of wrist function. Its anatomy has been described in detail by many authors.
Figure 12a with new distal pole fracture indicated by an orange line and healed waist fracture indicated in dashed blue complications the blood supply of the scaphoid is from 2 blood vessels. Scaphoid fractures only account for 2% of all fractures but is second only to femoral head for posttraumatic avn. The anatomy of the scaphoid presents a unique challenge when dealing with injury. Frequently, however, the diagnosis of this scaphoid injury is delayed. A scaphoid fracture is a break of the scaphoid bone in the wrist. Clear explanations of natural written and spoken english. Its unique morphology from its boat like shape to its retrograde blood supply can present with challenges in the. The fracture can disrupt the bones blood supply, impairing the healing.
Scaphoid is a key carpal bone contributing significantly in the biomechanics of the wrist. The scaphoid bone is the most common carpal bone to fracture. A good blood supply of the scaphoid bone from palmar, dorsal. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.
Unlike most bones the scaphoid bone has a fragile blood. Scaphoid links the proximal and the distal carpal rows. Fractures of the scaphoid are well known to be problematic especially when complicated by avascular necrosis, nonunion and carpal collapse. Treatment was the classical short arm thumb spica cast. Bulletin of the nyu hospital for joint diseases 2007. Acute fractures of the scaphoid 226 journal of the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons figure 1 a,four views of a right scaphoid demonstrate the complex shape of the scaphoid. Scaphoid xrays are indicated for a variety of settings including. Scaphoid waist fractures dorsal approach brandon e. The scaphoid shift test is a provocative maneuver used to examine the dynamic stability of the scaphoid and reproduce a patients symptoms. The extraosseous and intraosseous vascularity of the carpal scaphoid was studied in 15 fresh cadaver specimens by injection and clearing techniques. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward, lateralward, and forward. In 49 of the 100 patients, a fracture of the scaphoid was recognized, in 29 of whom their scaphoid xseries was positive for scaphoid fracture.
Epidemiology scaphoid fractures have one of the highest rates nonunion of all fractures at 10% range 5. For one, the surface of the scaphoid is mostly articular and has few potential sites for vascular supply. Treatment of nonunited scaphoid fractures by pulsed. Scaphoid fractures american society for surgery of the hand. The blood supply of the scaphoid comes scaphoid fracture is a common injury encountered in family medicine. Like the scaphoid bone of the wrist, the elbow joint is extremely susceptible to this disease because of the tenuous blood supply of the articular cartilage. The depression in the skin that occurs at the wrist below the thumb is the snuffbox. The human scaphoid bone has a unique and complex shape that allows it to function as a critical element in proper wrist biomechanics. Many surgical procedures been advocated for the treatment of. The use of the free vascularised bone graft for nonunion of. Management for an acute scaphoid fracture begins with a reduction.
Patient information scaphoid injuries your scaphoid is a small bone in your hand between your thumb and wrist. It is situated between the hand and forearm on the thumb side of the wrist also called the lateral or radial side. The scaphoid bone is vulnerable to fracture because of its position within the wrist and its role in wrist function. Scaphoid nonunion can cause scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse snac which is a pattern of progressive degenerative radiocarpal and midcarpal arthritis secondary to posttraumatic pathomechanics. Nonunionoftheproximal pole of the scaphoid, with or without osteonecrosis, should be addressed via a dorsal approach. This wrist bone resembles a medium cashew in size and shape 7, with the two sides identified as the distal and proximal poles. Scaphoid anatomy and structure surfaces and articulations. Dec 08, 2016 how to draw the blood supply of the scaphoid, frcs orth revision. The vascularity of the scaphoid bone sciencedirect. The scaphoid is anatomically divided into three parts.
The dorsal scaphoid branches from the radial artery enter the nonarticular portion of the scaphoid at the dorsal ridge at the level of the waist and. There is significant intercarpal motion between scaphoid and lunate, which questions the validity of present kinematic models of carpal motion. It is the only carpal bone that links the proximal and distal carpal rows. Tubercle of scaphoid is overlaid by flexor carpi radialis fcr male scaphoid is longer. Enter through numerous small foramina along the spiral groove and dorsal ridge. It is a boatshaped bone that is oriented obliquely with its long axis aligned from the medial portion of the distal radius proximally to the articulation of the 1 st and 2 nd metacarpals distally. The scaphoid bone is the largest bone of the proximal row of wrist bones, its long axis being from above downward. The scaphoid is the largest bone of the proximal row of carpal bones. Normal scaphoid anatomy slide 1 and blood supply slide 2 mechanism of injury and classification of scaphoid fractures slide 3 and their complications nonunion, osteonecrosis, snac wrist imaging of scaphoid fractures including radiography, mri, ct, ultrasonography, and bone scan.
Complications may include nonunion of the fracture, avascular necrosis, and arthritis. Media in category scaphoid bone the following 39 files are in this category, out of 39 total. The scaphoid is the largest of the proximal row of carpal bones and sits on the radial side of the lunate. The flexibility of the wrist can be largely attributed to its unique and complex composition, marked by. Each chapter covers a different procedure, beginning with a discussion of relevant anatomical. Scaphoid fracture causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The lack of union can cause the loss of blood supply to the proximal pole, which can cause avascular necrosis of the proximal segment. By university of washington featuring thomas trumble.
Apr 14, 2015 the scaphoid is a carpal bone in the wrist. However, there is a tarsal bone in the foot that is also called navicular due to. How to draw the blood supply of the scaphoid, frcs orth revision. Scaphoid nonunion is one of the complications of scaphoid fracture because of the unique anatomy of the scaphoid and its vascular supply. Treatment of nonunited scaphoid fractures by pulsed electromagnetic field and cast thirtyfive of 44 nonunited scaphoid fractures that were at least 6 months old healed in a mean time of 4. The anatomic snuffbox is generally tender and swelling may occur. This blood supply is easily disrupted, often leaving the proximal portion of the bone without nutrition and leading to osteonecrosis figure 401. Xrays are routinely taken of the scaphoid as it heals. Your healthcare provider will examine your hand and wrist, and check for. Scaphoid fractures are commonly seen in orthopedic practice. If your arm was numbed blocked for the surgery by the anesthesiologist, begin taking pain medication before the block wears o. It sits on the radial or lateral side of the wrist near the thumb. Fractures in the proximal one third of the bone, the part closest to the forearm, are more vulnerable to this complication.
Comparison of fixation methods for scaphoid nonunions. May 10, 2015 rule of 70s for scaphoid 70% of all carpal fractures occur at scaphoid. Sometimes a scaphoid non union is found quite by chance when xrays are taken of the wrist for other reasons. Nov 23, 2019 scaphoid fractures are the most common fractures of the carpal bones. A scaphoid fracture is a break in one of the small bones of the wrist.
Seventy to eighty percent of the intraosseous vascularity and the entire proximal pole is from branches of the radial artery entering through the dorsal ridge. Range of motion of the wrist may be slightly decreased. Limited open approach for dorsal fixation of scaphoid fractures 11. The scaphoid bone, also called the navicular bone, is the largest bone in the proximal row of the wrist, the highly flexible region between the forearm and the hand. Scaphoid vascularisation was investigated using macroscopic and microscopic techniques in 12 uninjured, formalin fixed cadaver hands. Featuring insights from pioneers in the field, its comprehensive coverage extends from standard open procedures to state of theart percutaneous methods and miniincision techniques. The scaphoid is the only carpal bone to cross the proximal and distal rows and acts as a strut between them. Apr 22, 20 scaphoid blood supply two major vascular pedicles1. Its implications are that 1, articular cartilage may be damaged by screw insertion, 2, absence of periosteum results in minimal callus and 3, poor blood supply predisposes to osteonecrosis. A good blood supply of the scaphoid bone from palmar, dorsal and radial vessel groups with a variety of anastomoses was found which should. This can lead to problems with healing if it is not treated carefully. It can be difficult to diagnose a scaphoid bone fracture as the break cannot always be seen on an initial xray.
This type of fracture occurs most often after a fall onto an outstretched hand. Since the scaphoid blood supply comes from two different vascular branches of the radial. Because of this it is usually treated as broken even if it cant be seen. Management for an acute scaphoid fracture begins with. The scaphoid bone is unique in that it spans the two rows of wrist bones. Imaging of scaphoid fractures according to the new s3 guidelines. Esberger from the accident and emergency department, county hospital, lincoln, uk it has been suggested that a positive scaphoid compression test will reliably confirm the presence of a fractured scaphoid in those patients presenting with an injury clinically suggestive of this, but without a fracture visible on initial xrays. In 3 of the remaining 71 patients with negative scaphoid xseries, additional carpal box radiographs showed a scaphoid fracture, while 68 patients were referred for threephase bone scintigraphy.
Named after the greek word for boat, skaphos, the scaphoid has a unique and slightly irregular, twisted and tubular shape compared to that of other carpal bones. Scaphoid fractures can lead to nonunion and avascular necrosis due to interruption of the blood supply. When the scaphoid bone is broken, it may not heal properly because it has a very fragile blood supply. This approach is not recommended for nonunion of the proximalpole. The blood supply of the scaphoid has been well documented by gelberman and botte 4. It is used to diagnose scapholunate interosseous ligament instability slil. Significant tenderness directly over the scaphoid bone which is located in the hollow at the thumb side of the wrist.
The blood supply of the scaphoid is unique and tenuous. A scaphoid fracture will result in pain, tenderness, swelling, and bruising centered around this location. Scaphoid blood supply two major vascular pedicles1. The scaphoid brings together in one definitive reference every aspect of carpal scaphoid injury treatment. The traditional management of a scaphoid fracture, especially for nondisplaced fractures, is with cast immobilization. May 22, 20 blood vessels enter through the dorsal ridge and tuberosity. What links here related changes upload file special pages permanent link. Scaphoid fractures blood supply everything you need to.
What are the signs and symptoms of a scaphoid fracture. Diagnosis and management of scaphoid fractures american. Any information contained in this pdf file is automatically generated from digital material. Scaphoid fractures and blood supply nabil ebraheim medium. The main blood supply to the scaphoid is from the radial artery. Scaphoid bone definition, location, anatomy, diagram. Symptoms typically include pain and tenderness below the base of the thumb in an area known as the anatomic snuffbox. The major blood supply to the scaphoid is via the radial artery.
The scaphoid bone is one of the carpal bones of the wrist. This branch is the only blood supply to the proximal pole of the scaphoid via retrograde intraosseous flow. Basic sciences blood supply of the scaphoid youtube. Scaphoid fractures are commonly misdiagnosed as wrist sprains. Since blood supply is available from the palmar circulation, a dorsal approach to the scaphoid bone is possible. Use your prescription pain medication as needed to control pain. The character of the vertebral border determines whether a scapula is scaphoid or not.
A condition called scapholunate instability can occur when the scapholunate ligament which connects the scaphoid to the lunate bone and other surrounding ligaments rupture. The proximal pole depends on blood supply from the distal pole through the scaphoid bone. Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. A scaphoid fracture is a break in one of the small bones of your wrist. Unlike most bones the scaphoid bone has a fragile blood supply. Scaphoid fractures that do not heal are referred to as a scaphoid nonunion. Acute fractures of the scaphoid northwestern university. This tenuous blood supply can result in a protracted healing process after. The inlay russe technique had union in 38 of 44 fractures 86%.
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